GUAVA
1.
INTRODUCTION
Guava (Psidium guajava) is one of the important
commercial fruits in India. It is the fourth most important fruit after mango,
banana and citrus.
2. OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this report is to present a bankable one-acre model for high quality commercial cultivation of the crop.
3. BACKGROUND
3.1 Origin
Guava is native to tropical America where it occurs wild. It was introduced in India in the seventeen century.
3.2
Area & Production
The area under guava
cultivation in India increased by 64% from 94 thousand ha. in 1991-92 to 155
thousand ha. in 2001-02 whereas the production increased by 55% from 11 lakh
tones to 17 lakh tonnes. Major guava producing states include Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal,
Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh. (Vide
Table-1)
Table-1: State-wise Area, Production & Productivity
of Guava during 2001-02
State |
Area (‘000 Ha.) |
Production (‘000 MT) |
Productivity (MT/Ha.) |
Bihar |
27.10 |
324.60 |
12.00 |
Maharashtra |
15.80 |
190.10 |
12.00 |
Karnataka |
8.60 |
149.50 |
17.70 |
Uttar Pradesh |
17.30 |
136.10 |
7.90 |
West Bengal |
7.40 |
121.30 |
16.50 |
Andhra Pradesh |
11.80 |
118.60 |
10.00 |
Chhattisgarh |
4.80 |
96.30 |
20.00 |
Gujarat |
7.20 |
95.00 |
13.10 |
Punjab |
5.20 |
91.00 |
17.50 |
Others |
49.30 |
389.60 |
- |
TOTAL |
154.60 |
1715.50 |
11.10 |
Source:
Database of National Horticulture Board, Ministry of Agriculture , Govt. of
India.
3.3 Economic Importance
The fruit is a good
source of vitamin C, pectin, calcium and phosphorus. The fruit is used for the preparation
of processed products like jams, jellies and nectar. Guava jelly puree is very popular for its attractive purplish-red
colour, pleasant taste and aroma. The
puree can be used in juice, cakes, puddings, sauces, ice-cream, jam and
jelly. Fruits can be preserved by
canning as halves or quarters, with or without seed core (shells). Good quality
salad can be prepared from the shell of ripe fruits.
Leaves of guava are used
for curing diarrhoea and also for dyeing and tanning.
4. MARKET ANALYSIS AND STRATEGY
4.1 Demand and Supply patterns
Guava fruits are consumed
either fresh or processed. Only 0.05% of the produce is being exported to
foreign countries.
4.2
Export/Import Trends
U.S.A.,
U.A.E., Saudi Arabia, Netherlands, Kuwait, Jordan etc. are the countries
importing guava from India. The trend in export of guava from India during the
period 1999-2000 to 2001-02 is given in Graph-3.
Table-2:
Country-wise export of guava from
India during 2001-02. Country Quantity (Tonnes) Value (Rs. in lakhs) U.S.A. 139.01 29.33 U.A.E. 118.38 18.58 Saudi Arabia 179.59 32.37 Netherlands 150.00 35.15 Kuwait 60.00 8.67 Jordan 41.00 5.51 U.K. 47.56 10.28 Others 154.18 32.41 Total 889.72 172.30 Source: APEDA, New Delhi
4.3
Analysis and Future
Strategy
Guava fruits have very
short shelf life making it difficult for distant marketing. For long distance transportation, use of
refrigerated transport and also proper packaging and cushioning material is
required to enhance the shelf life of fruits.
The processing industry
for guava needs to be developed in order to lower the marketing costs and reduce
wastage and losses in the production chain.
Guavas can be dehydrated
and powdered. Two types of wine, viz.
guava juice wine and guava pulp wine can be manufactured from ripe fruits. Good quality ready-to-serve beverage can be
made from guava. The seeds contain
5-13% oil which is rich in essential fatty acid and can be used in salad
dressing.
5.
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
5.1
Agro-Climatic Requirements
Guava is grown in both tropical
and sub-tropical regions upto 1,500 m. above m.s.l. It tolerates high
temperatures and drought conditions prevalent in north India in summers. However, it is susceptible to severe frost
as it can kill the young plants. An annual rainfall of about 100 cm. is
sufficient during the rainy season (July-September). Rainfall during the
harvesting period deteriorates the quality of fruits.
Heavy clay to very light
sandy soils having pH between 4.5-8.2 are suitable for cultivation of guava.
Good quality guavas are produced in river basins. The crop is sensitive to water-logging.
5.2 Growing and Potential Belts
The state-wise growing
belts are given in the following:
State |
Growing
belts |
Andhra Pradesh |
East Godavari, West Godavari, Guntur,
Krishna, Ananthapur, Medak, Ranga Reddy, Mahaboob nagar, Prakasham, Khammam |
Madhya Pradesh |
Jabalpur, Ujjain, Hoshangabad, Khargone,
Badwani, Indore, Shivpuri |
Chhattisgarh |
Raipur, Durg, Jabalpur |
Maharashtra |
Satara, Beed, Pune, Ahmed nagar,
Aurangabad, Amravati |
Gujarat |
Bhavnagar, Ahmedabad |
Karnataka |
Kolar, Shimoga, Dharwar, Raichur,
Bangalore (R & U), Belgaum |
Tamil Nadu |
Madurai, Dindigul, Salem |
Jharkhand |
Ranchi, Lohardaga, Hazaribagh,
Giridih, Dhanbad |
West Bengal |
South 24 Parganas, North 24 Parganas,
Hooghly |
Uttar Pradesh |
Allahabad, Farukhabad, Aligarh, Badaun |
5.3
Varieties Cultivated
State |
|
Varieties
grown |
Andhra Pradesh |
- |
Allahabad safeda, Lucknow 49, Anakapalli,
Banarasi, Chittidar, Hafshi, Sardar, Smooth Green, Safed Jam, Arka Mridula |
Madhya Pradesh |
- |
L-49, Allahabad safeda, Gwalior-27, Hafshi,
Seedless Chittidar |
Jharkhad |
- |
L-49, Allahabad safeda |
Karnataka |
- |
Allahabad Safeda, L-49, Araka Mridula,
Araka Amulya, Bangalore, Dharwar |
Assam |
- |
Am Sophri, Madhuri Am, Safrior Payere |
Bihar & Jharkhand |
- |
Allahabad Safeda, Apple Colour,
Chittidar, Hafshi, Harijha, Sardar, Selection-8 |
Maharashtra & Gujarat |
- |
Nagpur seedless, Dharwar, Dholka,
Kothrud, L-24, L-49, Nasik, Sindh |
North-eastern States |
- |
Allahabad Safeda, Sardar, Red Fleshed. |
Tamil Nadu |
- |
Anakapalli, Banarasi,
Bangalore, Chittidar, Hafshi, Nagpur Seedless, Smooth Green |
Uttar Pradesh |
- |
L-49, Allahabad Safeda,
Lucknow Safeda, Apple Colour, Chittidar, Red Fleshed, Allahabad Surkha,
Sardar, Mirzapuri Seedless, CISH-G-1, CISH-G-2, CISH-G-3 |
West Bengal |
- |
L-49, Allahabad Safeda, Dudhe Khaja,
Gole Khaja, Kabli, Baruipur, Chittidar, Harijha, Sardar |
5.4
Land Preparation
Land is prepared during
the summer season by ploughing, harrowing, leveling and removing weeds.
5.5
Planting
5.5.1
Planting
Material
Plants are
vegetatively propagated by budding, inarching or air layering.
5.5.2
Planting Season
Planting is done
during the rainy season. June-July is the ideal time for planting the layers
and seedling.
5.5.3
Spacing
The
plants are usually planted at a distance of 5-8 m. The exact planting distance
is decided according to variety, soil fertility and availability of irrigation
facilities.
Standard
spacing is 6 m. x 6 m. accommodating 112 plants/acre. By increasing the plant
density, productivity can be increased. In the model scheme, a spacing of 6 m.
x 6 m. with a population of 110 plants per acre has been considered which was commonly
observed in areas covered during a field study.
High density
planting causes erect growth of branches making the plant tall, compact and
also gives higher yield/unit area in early years of fruiting.
5.5.4
Planting Method
Square system of planting
is generally adopted. Pits of 1x1x1m.
size are dug before the monsoon and filled with a mixture of farmyard manure
and soil.
5.6
Nutrition
Time of
fertilizer application depends on the region and crop variety. In north India,
fertilizer is applied in the first week of May for rainy season crop and in
first week of July for winter season crop. The plants are manured twice a year,
first during June-July and second by during October.
A
fertilizer dose of 600 g. N, 400 g. K in Northern Region, 260 g. N, 320 g. P
and 260 g. K in Eastern Region, 900 g. N, 600 g. P and 600 g. K in Southern Region
and 600 g. N, 300 g. P and 300g. K/plant /year in Western Region is recommended.
5.7
Irrigation
Guava is mostly grown
under rainfed condition. During winter
season, irrigation is provided at an interval of 20-25 days and in the summer
months it is provided at an interval of 10-15 days by the ring method.
5.7.1
Drip
Irrigation
Drip irrigation has
proved to be very beneficial for guava. About 60% of the water used for
irrigation is saved. Besides substantial
increase in size and number of fruits is observed.
5.8
Training & Pruning
Training of plants in
young stage is essential in order to build a strong framework and to avoid weak
crotches. Fruiting trees are pruned to check overcrowding in the orchard. The
plants are trained as low headed trees to facilitate multiple hand pickings.
Pruning is usually recommended after harvesting or in spring. Summer pruning is
generally avoided as the plants get damaged due to sun burn.
5.9
Intercultural Operations
Weeds are usually removed
by shallow cultivation. Green manuring is usually done during rainy season.
Pre-emergence use of diuron (1.6 kg./ha.), oryzalin (1.67 litres/ha.), simazine
(1.6 kg./ha.) or atrazine (1.6 kg./ha.) has been found to be effective in
control of weeds in guava orchards.
5.10
Mulching
Dry
leaves or straw are used as mulching material. Mulching can also be done either
with black polycthylene sheet or with organic materials. Mulching the soil at
least twice a year helps in conserving moisture and improving the fruit
quality.
5.11
Inter-cropping
Leguminous crops or
vegetable can be grown as intercrops during the first three years of planting
provided irrigation facility is available.
5.12 Growth Regulators
The winter crop is much superior in quality compared to the monsoon crop. Farmers often reduce monsoon crop by deblossoming to get a higher price. This is done by growth regulators like maleic hydrazide on spring flush of flowers. Growth regulators like NAA, NAD and 2, 4D have been found to be effective in thinning of flowers and also manipulating the cropping season.
5.13 Plant Protection Measures
5.13.1 Insect Pests
The insect pests mostly observed are fruit fly, stem borer, bark eating caterpillar, thrips, nematodes, mealy bug and scale insect. Spraying with malathion (2ml.), phosphamidon (0.5ml. per ltr. of water), monocrotophos, dimethoate etc. has been found to be effective in most cases. Apart from that adoption of suitable cultural practices and destruction of infected plants needs to be done.
5.13.2 Diseases
The main diseases
reported are wilt, fruit canker, fruit
rot, anthrachose and grey leaf spot.
Application of Carbendazim / Thiophanate methyl (1g./l) or Kavach /
Mancozeb (2 g/l) depending upon the type of infection has been found to be
effective in controlling the diseases.
5.13.3
Disorders
Fruit drop is a serious disorder in guava resulting in about 45-65% loss due to different physiological and environmental factors. Spraying of GA has been found to be effective in reducing the fruit drop in guava.
Bronzing of guava has
been observed in places having low soil fertility and low pH. Affected plants
show purple to red specks scattered all over the leaves. Under aggravated
condition, total defoliation and fruits characterized with brown coloured
patterns on the skin, with reduced yield are noticed.
Foliar application of
0.5% diammonium phosphate and zinc sulphate in combination at weekly intervals
for two months reduces the bronzing in guava. Pre-flowering sprays with 0.4%
boric acid and 0.3% zinc sulphate increase the yield and fruit size. Spraying
of copper sulphate at 0.2 to 0.4% also increases the growth and yield of guava.
5.14
Harvesting and Yield
The plants start bearing
at an early age of 2-3 years but they attain full bearing capacity at the age
of 8-10 years. The yield of a plant depends on its age, cropping pattern and
the cultural practices. A 10 year old plant yields about 100 to 150 kg. of
fruits every year. If both rainy and winter season crops are taken, more yields
may be obtained in the rainy season.
Guavas are harvested
throughout the year (except during May and June) in one or the other region of
the country. However, peak harvesting periods in north India are August for
rainy season crop, November- December for winter season crop and March-April
for spring season crop. In the mild climatic conditions of the other parts of
the country, the peak harvesting periods are not so distinct.
Guava fruits develop best
flavour and aroma only when they ripen on tree. In most of the commercial
varieties, the stage of fruit ripeness is indicated by the colour development
which is usually yellow. For local markets, fully yellow but firm fruits are
harvested, whereas half yellow fruits are picked for distant markets. Fruits are harvested selectively by hand
along with the stalk and leaves.
6. POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT
6.1
Grading
Fruits are graded on the
basis of their weight, size and colour.
6.2
Storage
The fresh fruit has a
short shelf life and distant marketing can be done only if it is properly
stored.
The shelf life can be
extended upto 20 days by keeping them at low temperature of 50 C and
75-85% relative humidity. It can be stored for about 10 days at room
temperature (180-230 C) in polybags providing a
ventilation of 0.25%.
6.3
Packing
The fruits are packed in
baskets made from locally available plant material. For distant markets, wooden
or corrugated fibre board boxes are used along with cushioning materials viz.
paddy straw, dry grass, guava leaves or rough paper. Good ventilation is
necessary to check build up of heat. Guava is a delicate fruit requiring
careful handling during harvesting and transportation.
Guavas being perishable
in nature are immediately sent after harvesting in the local market and only a
small quantity is being sent to the distant markets.
Majority of the
cultivation sell their produce either through trade agents at village level or
commission agents at the market.
7.
TECHNOLOGY SOURCES
Major sources for
technology are:
(i)
Horticulture Department, Jawahar Lal Nehru Krishi Viswavidyalaya,
Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh-482004.
(ii)
Department of Horticulture, Birsa Agriculture University, Kanke
[Tel : (0651) 2230691]
(iii)
Horticulture & Agro-forestry Reseach Programme
(ICAR), Plandu, Ranchi, [Tel : (0651) 2260141, 2260207]
(iv)
Uttar Pradesh State Horticulture Co-operative Federation,
18-B, Ashok Marg, Lucknow.
(v)
Uttar Pradesh Council of Agriculture Research, Mandi
Bhawan, Vibhuti Khand, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow.
(vi)
Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology,
Kumarganj, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh – 224229
(vii)
Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hassaraghatta
Lake Post, Bangalore, Karnataka – 560089.
(viii)
Progressive Farmers of Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh,
Jhakhand & West Bengal.
8.
ECONOMICS OF A ONE ACRE
MODEL
8.1
High quality commercial cultivation of the crop by using
improved planting material and drip irrigation leads to multiple benefits viz.
·
Synchronized growth, flowering
and harvesting;
·
Reduction in variation of off-type and non-fruit plants;
·
Improved fruit quality;
·
Early maturity;
·
Increase in average productivity;
·
Economy in water application and high water use efficiency;
·
High fertilizer use efficiency;
·
Minimum incidence of pests and diseases.
Costs & Returns:
8.2
A one acre plantation of the crop is a highly viable proposition. The cost components of such a model along
with the basis for costing are exhibited in Annexures I & II. A summary is given in the figure
below. The project cost works out to
around Rs.1.25 lakhs / Acre.
Figure-I : COST OF PROJECT
Project Cost:
(Amount in Rs.)
Sl. No. |
Component |
Proposed Expenditure |
|
1. |
Cultivation Expenses |
|
|
|
(i) |
Cost of planting
material |
2200 |
|
(ii) |
Manures &
fertilizers |
5000 |
|
(iii) |
Insecticides &
pesticides |
2000 |
|
(iv) |
Cost of Labour |
7700 |
|
(v) |
Others, if any, (Power) |
3600 |
|
|
20,500 |
|
2. |
Irrigation |
|
|
|
(i) |
Tube-well/submersible
pump |
40000 |
|
(ii) |
Cost of Pipeline |
- |
|
(iii) |
Others, if any, please
specify |
- |
|
|
40,000 |
|
3. |
Cost of Drip/Sprinkler |
20000 |
|
4. |
Infrastructure |
|
|
|
(i) |
Pump house & Labour
shed |
10,000 |
|
(ii) |
Labour room &
godown |
- |
|
(iii) |
Agriculture Equipments |
1,000 |
|
(iv) |
Others, if any (Drying
platform) |
- |
|
|
11,000 |
|
5. |
Land Development |
|
|
|
(i) |
Soil Leveling |
4000 |
|
(ii) |
Digging |
- |
|
(iii) |
Fencing |
29500 |
|
(iv) |
Others, if any, please
specify |
- |
|
|
|
33,500 |
6. |
Land, if newly purchased (Please indicate the year) |
@ |
|
|
Grand Total |
1,25,000 |
@Cost of newly purchased land will be limited to 10% of the total project cost.
8.3
The major components of the model are:
·
Land Development: (Rs.4.0
thousand): This is the labour cost of
shaping and dressing the land site.
·
Fencing (Rs.29.50 thousand): It is necessary to guard the orchard by
suitable fencing to safeguard the valuable produce from poaching.
·
Irrigation Infra-structure (Rs.40 thousand): For effective working
with drip irrigation system, it is necessary to install a bore well with
diesel/electric pumpset and motor. This
is part cost of tube-well.
·
Drip Irrigation & Fertigation System (Rs.20 thousand): This is average cost of one acre drip system
for guava inclusive of the cost of fertigation equipment. The actual cost will vary depending on
location, plant population and plot geometry.
·
Equipment/Implements (Rs.1.0 thousand):
For investment on improved manually operated essential implements a
provision of another Rupees one thousand is included.
·
Building and Storage (Rs.10 thousand):
A one acre orchard would require minimally a labour shed and a
grading/packing room cum pump house.
·
Cost of cultivation (Rs.20.50 thousand): This is to cover costs of
land preparation and sowing operations, planting material, inputs and power (Annexure-III).
8.4
Labour cost has been put at an average of Rs. 70 per
man-day. The actual cost will vary from
location to location depending upon minimum wage levels or prevailing wage
levels for skilled and unskilled labour.
8.5
Recurring Production
Cost: Recurring costs and returns are
exhibited in Annexure-III. The main
components are planting material, land preparation, inputs .application (FYM,
fertilizers, liming material, plant growth regulators, plant protection
chemicals etc.), labour cost on application of inputs & inter-cultural and
other farm operations, power, harvesting, packing and transportation charges. Inter cropping upto 4th year
would also be taken in the project.
8.6
The total development cost in the first two years and
recurring production cost from year 3 onwards for a one acre orchard works out
as below:
(Rs.Thousand)
Year 1 21.00
Year 2 25.50
Year 3 30.00
Year 4 32.10
Year 5 24.90
Year 6 24.90
Year 7 25.90
Year
8 onwards 27.00
8.7
Returns from the Project: The yield from the plantation is estimated
at 3.00 tonnes in the first year of bearing rising to 6 tonnes. The value of the produce accordingly increases
from Rs.24.00 thousand to Rs.54.00 thousand, (vide Annexure III). The inter-crop of vegetables is expected to
fetch an income of Rs. 30,000 in the second
year and Rs. 25000 per annum in the subsequent two years.
Project Financing:
8.8.
Balance Sheet: The projected balance sheet of the model is
given at Annexure IV. There
would be three sources of financing the project as below:
Source Rs. Thousand
Farmer’s share 62.50
Capital subsidy 25.00
Term loan
37.50
Total 125.00
8.9.
Profit & Loss Account: The cash flow statement
may be seen in Annexure V and Annexure
VI projects the profit and loss account of the model. A gross profit of Rs. 19.0 thousand is
realised in the first year itself.
8.10.
Repayment of Term Loan: The term loan will be repaid in 6 years at 6
monthly intervals installments with a moratorium of 36 months. The rate of interest would have to be
negotiated with the financing bank. It has been put at 12% in the model (vide
Annexure VII ). The repayment
schedule has been presented at Annexure-VII A.
8.11
Depreciation calculations are given in Annexure VIII.
Project Viability:
8.12
IRR/BCR: The viability of the project is assessed in Annexure
IX over a period of 5 years.
The IRR works out to 19.92 and the BCR to 1.1.
8.13
The Debt Service coverage ratio calculations are presented
in Annexure
X. The average DSCR works out
to 2.18.
8.14
Payback Period: On
the basis of costs and returns of the model, the pay back period is estimated
at 7.54 years (vide Annexure XI).
8.15
Break-even Point: The break even point will be reached in the
3rd year. At this point
fixed cost would work out to 77% of gross sales - vide Annexure XII.